In 1875, ie 5 years after the publication of Wagner's travelogue, Henri de Saussure published in Volume 245, published in Washington, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections The documents drawn up in English writing "Synopsis of American Wasps" an overview of the standard of knowledge to all the American continent known species of the family includes the Vespidae. The now independent family of solitary Eumenidae was at that time not yet systematically separated from the other wasps with mainly social life.
On page 94 of this document and as a species of the genus Eumenes 53.igste Saussure then describes for the first time the physique and the color of the newly discovered insect with the addition:
Habitat: Isthmus of Panama. (From my own collection).
This beautiful insect is me from the passenger zelebren Maurice Wagner sent from Munich.
prior to the assignment of the wasp to the genus Eumenes thus to the scientific nomenclature and the species name, specify: Eumenes, already established, it was the first to describe the way to now, select the second scientific name part as they see fit, and to most features the body structure, way of life, notes on food plants or habitats not least, the name of the collector of the species, among the scientists will be selected. In the present case, Henri de Saussure opted to designate the wasp after the Munich explorers, who had presented him with the copy of the request for determination. The accepted scientific name for the animal was thus from December 1875 Eumenes wagnerianus (Saussure, 1875).
In his detailed description of the anatomical body structure (habitus) of the insect turned Saussure noting the similarities of the "new species" consisted of 3 other species of Eumenes, that Eumenes aztecus, and Eumenes Eumenes flavicornis niger, although to him by time to reason out separation characteristics, ie, the differences in color, shape and sculpturing of the various components of the insect body as far prevailed, that he decided to look Eumenes wagnerianus as a new species.
takes in his diagnosis Saussure also refers to the striking color pattern of the wasp body, but it says the copy of his collection as black ("the whole body of a deep black") and the typical blue-violet iridescence of the whole wasp body watched the otherwise by him as "brown" wings described ("Wings of a deep brown with violet reflections"). Eumenes now differs wagnerianus in his entire body only slightly from other species of Eumenes, in particular with the characteristic shape, lean and strong extended first Abdominal segment, a distinguishing feature is so that have passed out of the admirable blue-violet, iridescent body color really no other reason for Henri de Saussure, the insect in its description as' very beautiful animal, "emphasized.
reached in the following years, now the newly described elsewhere wasp similar or even identical copies in other collections, including South American museums, and were of the scientists working there in ignorance of the first description Henri de Saussure's, or because of the higher valuation other taxonomic differentiators in part with other named genus or species name. This systematic-taxonomic "confusion" was later in the history of entomology only through the comparative analysis of all existing entomological collections in both countries of origin and in the relevant internationally recognized collections overseas (eg in North America, Europe, East Asia) and subsequently by to overcome the development of internationally accepted, uniform identification key. This required the work of specially trained for this activity professionals who are with an overview of all the world's species of animals they handle group - Had to give - in this case, the wasp with its systematic subgrouping of the solitary wasps. In practice, this was only possible because of the respective agents traveled to obtaining the necessary types of knowledge from collection to collection, and kept there copies of "his" group of animals with the internationally accepted nomenclature compared and adapted the assignment of collection copies the current taxonomic and nomenclatural rules.
The currently valid revision of Eumenes wagnerianus SAUSSURE the species or group of wasps of the family is from Eumenides Soika Antonio Giordano (1913 - 1997). Over several decades of his life and his scientific work as an entomologist was held at the Natural History Museum in Venice active Italian biologist with the revision of the nomenclature of Eumenidae and published this in the Bolletino Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia in the 80s and 90s of last century, more detailed articles with remarkable exact detailed drawings of almost all considered wasp species.
came Obviously Dr. Soika in his comparative studies already in the 50s of last century to the conclusion that it was useful to the layman of their appearance, ie, their physique was hardly any distinguishable species of the genus Eumenes by the creation new genera taxonomically reframe and make the allocation of new generic names of the Eumenidensystematik manageable.
occasion he performed, comparative taxonomic and systematic studies on the wasp group of solitary Eumenides decided Dr. Soika that it is in some species, which were previously the genus Eumenes assigned, due to him as a higher-to-value determining characteristics, namely taxonomic species separation characteristics to act should a separate species from wasp species. In consequence of this, he divided the number assigned by the genus Eumenes Saussure type E. wagnerianus there again and "justified" in which he redefined genus BRACHYMENES GS (= GIORDANO Soika) the new species names BRACHYMENES wagnerianus (Saussure 1875) and published this reclassification in the proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Entomology (1960/1961) in Vienna.
Soika defined the same time due to high similarity feature in this new genre a sister species, BRACHYMENES DYSCHERUS (Saussure 1852), which he later in the year 1988/1990 in the two sub-species (subspecies) and B. B. dyscherus dyscherus dyscherus catarina n.ssp . dividing after him, the existence of 7, kept in the years 1947 and 1948 by F. Plaumann Nueva Teutonia in the state of Santa Catarina in Brazil and found the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, in appearance like wasps had become known, which differ in their color from all the other distinguished from Brazil known as dyscherus species so far that to him the creation of a new subspecies seemed appropriate.
to in the new genus risen in parallel using scientific designations, the following table back:
is typical of both wasp species, the system of free (ie not in cavities or being dug tunnels hidden) ton star of combined tone chamber which are arranged parallel to each other. The nests are described by B. wagnerianus then elliptical symmetry of each 6 combined tone chamber in a plane built during B. dyscherus nests of 12-14-more chambers are known in up to 4 layers built on each other. The nests are similar to that of Dr. H. Bischoff in his Biology of Hymenoptera from 1927 shown on page 207 nest type, he then assigned at that time, however, the Spheciden Sceliphron caementerium or Sceliphron caeruleum . By Saussure in 1875 selected names for a parallel from him Eumenes wagnerianus described species (Eumenes Chalicodoma, refer to table above) suggests, moreover, that this was already the mason bees of the genus Chalicodoma similar nest way this Eumenides known for its selection of names have been instrumental must.
In Giordano Soikas identification keys are as different from B. wagnerianus dyscherus by the uniform puncturing the head region between the eyes in the 3 ocelli, which are surrounded by B. dyscherus unpunctured of an area and through the length and shape of the first abdominal segments that is for example dyscherus represented as shorter or compressed and provided with a knob-like protuberance on the top, imaged (B. wagnerianus 58, 59, as dyscherus 60, 61). The
for him in the preparation of its publication "Revision degli Eumenidi Neotropicali Appartenenti ai generi Pachymenes Sausse., N. gen Santam Sausse., Brachymenes GS, Pseudacaromenes GS, Steno Sigma GS e gamma CAM / Bolletine Museo Civico Storia Naturale Venezia "buy in 1990 released generic identification key to basically down morphological distinctive feature of the genera Pseudacaromenes, gamma and Brachymenes while the" 39:1988 (1990) First (abdominal .) sternite in relation to morphometric corresponding tergite "This is reproduced here in the Italian original:
third
Il primo è presente solo vicino sternite all'apice del corrispondente tergite, a forma Tues mezzaluna, O di semicherchio
(Pachymenes , Santam, Pirhosigma, Laevimenes, Sphaeromenes, Cyphomenes, Omicron, Eumenes, stenosis Sigma, Pararhaphidoglossa, Pachyminixi, Minixi, alphaM)
- Primo sternite presente in tutta la lunghezza del corrispondente tergite
(Pseudacaromenes, Gamma, Brachymenes)
must at this point, however, the question must be asked whether the retention of Giordano Soika to basically set type of distinctive features the inclusion of other genera such as Eumenides Ancistrocerus, Monobia, Montezumia, Pachodynerus, Parancistrocerus and Zeta can be maintained in an identification key for all Eumenidae.
has also caused the system chosen by the Italian-speaking scientists naming under German entomologists sometimes controversy, but the combination is the ancient Greek meaning syllables Brachy (gr: short) and Hymen (gr: skin, membranous) misleading. Had the eponymous author of the designation, for example, in comparison to other Eumenides species morphometrically shorter skin wing want to point in the genus Brachymenes "aggregated species, the genus name should correctly be expressed in BRACHYPTEROMENES, the Greek meaning syllable Pteros stood for wings.
principle is in this context, the question of overriding importance either morphometric or morphological and ecological characteristics of taxonomic identification of species living solitary Eumenidae, with then the mitzuberücksichtigende aspect of species-specific nest-building, the use of different nest building materials and the remarkably variable shaping the architecture of this wasp nest group set the previous species assignment may call into question would be.
complicate addition of solitary wasps that build nests out of clay and that after the onset of breeding to leave unguarded, the occasional breeding and hatchery-parasitism and hyper-parasitism and secondary occupation of abandoned buildings by other solitary wasp species, the clear species identification and In reference-setting of the nest and initially build construction and ultimately out of the nest hatching wasp so that the collection of material based on scientific knowledge of Tonnestbauten tonnestbauende wasp species and sometimes allows only relative conclusions.
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